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Frost dates and planting calendar for Grand Rapids, Michigan

Updated October 30, 2026. Based on USDA, NOAA and Colorado State University Extension data. Published by Humblebee.

USDA hardiness zone
6a[1]
Median last spring frost
Apr 29[2]
Median first fall frost
Oct 20[3]
Growing season, median
174 days[4]

Grand Rapids sits in USDA hardiness zone 6a[1]. The median last spring frost at the NOAA station is April 29[2].

Frost dates

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecLast spring frost: 9 in 10 years after Apr 14, half of years Apr 29, 1 in 10 years after May 15Last frostmedian Apr 29First fall frost: 9 in 10 years before Nov 2, half of years Oct 20, 1 in 10 years before Oct 4First frostmedian Oct 20Frost riskHardyHardy vegetables: plant Apr 1 to Apr 15Apr 1 to Apr 15Semi-hardySemi-hardy vegetables: plant Apr 15 to Apr 29Apr 15 to Apr 29TenderTender vegetables: plant around Apr 29around Apr 29Very tenderVery tender vegetables: plant from May 13from May 13
Shaded: the span between the dates frost passes in 9 of 10 years and 1 of 10 years[2][3]. Green: planting windows from the CSU rules applied to the median last frost (GardenFacts calculation)[6]. Exact dates are in the tables below.

These frost dates are odds from NOAA records for 1991 to 2020, not a forecast[5]. In half of years the last spring frost comes after April 29, in 9 of 10 years after April 14, and in 1 of 10 years after May 15[2]. In the fall, the first frost comes before October 20 in half of years, and before October 4 in 1 of 10 years[3]. The numbers come from the Grand Rapids weather station[5]. Any year can be earlier or later.

Frost Likely (9 in 10 years) Even odds (5 in 10) Unlikely (1 in 10)
Last spring frost (32°F)[2] after April 14 after April 29 after May 15
First fall frost (32°F)[3] before October 4 before October 20 before November 2
  • Hard freeze (28°F): median last spring date April 16, median first fall date November 2[7].
  • Frost-free growing season: at least 151 days in 9 of 10 years, 174 days in half of years and 195 days in 1 of 10 years[4].
  • The low reached 32°F or colder in 100% of years and 28°F or colder in 100% of years[8].
  • Weather station: Grand Rapids (USW00094860), 7.3 miles from the city center, 778 feet, 29 years of 1991 to 2020 records[5].

When to plant vegetables

Colorado State University Extension wrote its planting guide for Colorado, so GardenFacts uses its rules with the Grand Rapids median last frost of April 29[6]. Hardy vegetables such as broccoli, lettuce, peas and spinach can go in as early as 2 to 4 weeks before the median last frost, which is April 1 to April 15[6]. Semi-hardy vegetables such as carrots, beets and potatoes can go in as early as April 15[9]. Tender vegetables such as snap beans and sweet corn go in from seed around April 29[10]. Very tender vegetables such as tomatoes and peppers typically start 2 or more weeks after the median last frost, so May 13 is the earliest start[11].

  • Hardy (broccoli, cabbage, kohlrabi, lettuce, onions, peas, radishes, spinach, turnips): as early as 2 to 4 weeks before the median last frost (April 29) is April 1 to April 15[6]
  • Semi-hardy (beets, carrots, cauliflower, parsnips, potatoes, Swiss chard): as early as 2 weeks before the median last frost (April 29) is April 15, up to the median date itself[9]
  • Tender (snap beans, sweet corn, cucumbers, summer squash): from seed around the median last frost date, April 29[10]
  • Very tender (cantaloupe, eggplant, peppers, tomatoes, winter squash, watermelon): the earliest start, two weeks after the median last frost (April 29), is May 13[11]
Vegetable (CSU group) Plant from First harvest around
Broccoli (hardy)[12] Apr 1 Jun 5 (from transplants)
Cabbage (hardy)[12] Apr 1 Jun 25 (from transplants)
Kohlrabi (hardy)[12] Apr 1 May 21
Lettuce (hardy)[12] Apr 1 May 31
Onions (hardy)[12] Apr 1 Jul 20
Peas (hardy)[12] Apr 1 Jun 5
Radishes (hardy)[12] Apr 1 May 1
Spinach (hardy)[12] Apr 1 May 11
Turnips (hardy)[12] Apr 1 May 21
Beets (semi-hardy)[12] Apr 15 Jun 14
Carrots (semi-hardy)[12] Apr 15 Jun 24
Cauliflower (semi-hardy)[12] Apr 15 not listed
Parsnips (semi-hardy)[12] Apr 15 Jun 24
Potatoes (semi-hardy)[12] Apr 15 Aug 18
Swiss chard (semi-hardy)[12] Apr 15 Jun 14
Snap beans (tender)[12] Apr 29 Jun 28
Sweet corn (tender)[12] Apr 29 Jun 28
Cucumbers (tender)[12] Apr 29 Jun 23
Summer squash (tender)[12] Apr 29 Jun 18
Cantaloupe (very tender)[12] May 13 Aug 6
Eggplant (very tender)[12] May 13 Jul 12 (from transplants)
Peppers (very tender)[12] May 13 Jul 22 (from transplants)
Tomatoes (very tender)[12] May 13 Jul 17 (from transplants)
Winter squash (very tender)[12] May 13 Aug 21
Watermelon (very tender)[12] May 13 Aug 6
Spacing, depth and soil temperature (CSU Extension)
Vegetable Min. soil temp Depth Spacing Days to harvest
Broccoli[13] 40°F 1/2 in 18 in 65
Cabbage[13] 40°F 1/2 in 18 in 85
Kohlrabi[13] 40°F 1/2 in 7-9 in 50
Lettuce[13] 35°F 1/4 in 7-9 in 60
Onions[13] 35°F 1/4 in (seed), 1-2 in (sets) 4-6 in 110
Peas[13] 40°F 1 in 4-6 in 65
Radishes[13] 40°F 1/2 in 2-3 in 30
Spinach[13] 40°F 1/2 in 4-6 in 40
Turnips[13] 40°F 1/2 in 4-6 in 50
Beets[13] 40°F 3/4-1 in 4-6 in 60
Carrots[13] 40°F 1/4 in 2-3 in 70
Cauliflower[13] 40°F 1/2 in 18 in –
Parsnips[13] 35°F 1/2 in 5-6 in 70
Potatoes[13] 45°F – – 125
Swiss chard[13] 40°F 1 in 7-9 in 60
Snap beans[13] 55°F 1-1 1/2 in 6 in 60
Sweet corn[13] 50°F 1-1 1/2 in 12 x 30 in or 9 x 36 in 60-90
Cucumbers[13] 60°F 1 in 6 in trellised, 24-36 in untrellised 55
Summer squash[13] 60°F 1-1 1/2 in 36-48 in 50
Cantaloupe[13] 60°F 1-1 1/2 in 36-48 in 85
Eggplant[13] 60°F 1/4 in 18-24 in 60
Peppers[13] 60°F 1/4 in 15-18 in 70
Tomatoes[13] 50°F 1/4 in 24 in trellised 65
Winter squash[13] 60°F 1-1 1/2 in 36-48 in 100
Watermelon[13] 60°F 1-1 1/2 in 36-48 in 85

Hardiness zone

Zone 6a means the coldest night of the winter averages -10°F to -5°F, based on 1991 to 2020[1]. The zone is not about summer heat or frost dates[14]. By land area, all of Grand Rapids lies in ZIP code areas rated zone 6a[15].

Zone 6a: average annual extreme minimum temperature -10°F to -5°F (1991 to 2020)[1]. Modeled value at the city center: -6.3°F[1].

Share of the city's land area by ZIP code zone: zone 6a 100%[15].

All towns in zone 6a and what zone 6a means

Zone by ZIP code
ZIP code Zone Coldest night range
49504[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49505[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49503[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49507[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49508[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49506[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49525[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49546[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49534[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49512[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49544[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49548[15] 6a -10 to -5°F
49509[15] 6a -10 to -5°F

Questions people ask

What growing zone is Grand Rapids?
The 2023 USDA map puts the center of Grand Rapids in zone 6a[1]. All of the city's land area lies in zone 6a ZIP code areas[15].
When is the last frost in Grand Rapids?
In half of years the last spring frost comes after April 29, and in 1 of 10 years it comes after May 15[2].
When is the first frost in Grand Rapids?
In half of years the first fall frost comes before October 20, and in 1 of 10 years it comes before October 4[3].
When to plant tomatoes in Grand Rapids?
CSU Extension groups tomatoes as very tender, typically 2 or more weeks after the average last spring frost[11]. Using the median last frost, the earliest start is May 13[11].
How long is the growing season in Grand Rapids?
The season between the last spring and first fall frost is at least 174 days in half of years and at least 151 days in 9 of 10 years[4].

Facts and sources

  1. The 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map puts the center of Grand Rapids, Michigan in zone 6a. Zone 6a means an average annual extreme minimum temperature of -10°F to -5°F over 1991 to 2020. The map's modeled value at the city center is minus 6.3°F. USDA zone map 2023 (PRISM, OSU)
  2. Last spring frost (32°F) at this station: in 9 of 10 years the last frost comes after April 14, in half of years after April 29, and in 1 of 10 years after May 15 (NOAA 1991 to 2020 normals). The median last frost date is April 29. NOAA Climate Normals 1991-2020
  3. First fall frost (32°F) at this station: in 1 of 10 years the first frost comes before October 4, in half of years before October 20, and in 9 of 10 years before November 2 (NOAA 1991 to 2020 normals). The median first frost date is October 20. NOAA Climate Normals 1991-2020
  4. Growing season (days between the last spring and first fall 32°F frost) at this station: at least 151 days in 9 of 10 years, at least 174 days in half of years, and at least 195 days in 1 of 10 years. NOAA Climate Normals 1991-2020
  5. Frost dates on this page come from NOAA climate normals for the Grand Rapids weather station (USW00094860), 7.3 miles from the center of Grand Rapids at 778 feet, using 29 years of records from 1991 to 2020. NOAA Climate Normals 1991-2020
  6. Colorado State University Extension's vegetable planting guide (written for Colorado) groups broccoli, cabbage, kohlrabi, lettuce, onions, peas, radishes, spinach, turnips as hardy vegetables, with this rule: as early as 2-4 weeks before the average last... CSU Extension GardenNotes #720
  7. Hard freeze (28°F) at this station: the median last spring date is April 16 and the median first fall date is November 2. NOAA Climate Normals 1991-2020
  8. At this station the low reached 32°F or colder in 100% of years from 1991 to 2020, and 28°F or colder in 100% of years. NOAA Climate Normals 1991-2020
  9. Colorado State University Extension's vegetable planting guide (written for Colorado) groups beets, carrots, cauliflower, parsnips, potatoes, Swiss chard as semi-hardy vegetables, with this rule: as early as 0-2 weeks before the average last spring frost.... CSU Extension GardenNotes #720
  10. Colorado State University Extension's vegetable planting guide (written for Colorado) groups snap beans, sweet corn, cucumbers, summer squash as tender vegetables, with this rule: from seed around the average last spring frost; cucumber and summer squash... CSU Extension GardenNotes #720
  11. Colorado State University Extension's vegetable planting guide (written for Colorado) groups cantaloupe, eggplant, peppers, tomatoes, winter squash, watermelon as very tender vegetables, with this rule: typically 2 or more weeks after the average last... CSU Extension GardenNotes #720
  12. GardenFacts calculation: earliest planting date plus CSU days to harvest (table on this page), from the station's median last frost. NOAA Climate Normals 1991-2020
  13. CSU Extension vegetable table: soil temperature, depth, spacing, days to harvest (table on this page). CSU Extension GardenNotes #720
  14. USDA hardiness zones are based on the average annual extreme minimum winter temperature (the coldest night of each winter, averaged over 1991 to 2020 for the 2023 map), not on summer heat or frost dates. Each zone spans 10°F and each half zone (a or b)... USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map
  15. Grand Rapids, Michigan overlaps 13 ZIP code areas. By land area, 100% lies in ZIP code areas rated zone 6a. USDA zone map 2023 (PRISM, OSU)

Frost dates are probabilities from 1991 to 2020 weather records at one NOAA station, not a forecast. Any year can be earlier or later. The hardiness zone describes the average coldest winter night, not frost dates or summer heat. Spots inside the city can differ (ZIP table). Planting rules come from Colorado State University Extension's guide, written for Colorado. A local extension office may give dates tuned to the area. Planting and harvest dates marked GardenFacts calculation are simple arithmetic from the facts above, not advice from the source.

Hardiness zone data: USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map (2023), USDA Agricultural Research Service and PRISM Group, Oregon State University, prism.oregonstate.edu, accessed October 30, 2026. This is not the official USDA map. Frost data: NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals 1991-2020. Planting rules: Colorado State University Extension.